Photocopiers and laser printers are safe when used occasionally and serviced regularly. But if they are badly
positioned, poorly maintained and used frequently or for long runs, there are risks to health, ranging from irritated eyes, nose and throat to dermatitis, headaches, premature ageing and reproductive and cancer hazards. Proper ventilation and maintenance are essential in eliminating hazards.
The chemicals
Ozone and other chemicals can occur above the OEL (occupational exposure limit) when the copying room is small, ventilation is inadequate, and/or the photocopier is used a lot.
Ozone is a gas produced during the high voltage electrical discharge in photocopiers and laser printers.It is sweet smelling and highly toxic with a UK OES of 0.2 ppm (15 minute reference period) If you can smell ozone the levels are too high. Ozone breaks down in air quite quickly though this can be slowed by high humidity, temperature and some effects of office furnishings. Health effects are eye, nose, throat and lung irritation, dermatitis, headaches and nausea, premature ageing and potential reproductive dangers. Pruritus, a kind of itching occurs on the face, neck and areas of skin exposed to ozone.When mixed with nitrogen oxide in certain proportions it can have an effect on the central nervous system.
VOCs are also emitted during photocopying.These can contain traces of decane (carcinogenic), 1,1,1- trichloroethane (can cause skin irritation), iso-octane, toluene (causes fatigue, drowsiness, throat and eye irritation, xylene (can cause menstrual disorder and kidney failure) and benzene (carcinogenic and teratogenic).
Selenium and cadmium sulphide
Some copiers use a drum impregnated with selenium or cadmium sulphide. The gas emitted from these materials especially when hot can cause throat irritation and sensitisation (i.e. adverse reaction to very tiny quantities of chemical) to exposed workers. Short term exposure to high levels of selenium by ingestion causes nausea, vomiting, skin rashes and rhinitis.The UK MEL for selenium compounds is 0.1 mg/m3. This is more a risk to maintenance staff when cleaning or grinding the surface of the drum.Cadmium compounds have a MEL of 0.025 mg/m3 (over a 8 hour reference period)
May be produced when there is a spark in electrostatic photocopiers. Symptoms are similar to those produced by carbon monoxide. The OEL is 25 ppm.
Is produced when toner (containing carbon black) is heated in an inadequate air supply.Some copiers can reach half the OEL in well ventilated rooms.In poorly ventilated conditions the effects include headaches, drowsiness, faintness and increased pulse rate. Carbon monoxide can cross the placenta and affect the unborn child. The OEL is 30 ppm (8 hour reference period).
Toners
Toners are generally a mixture of plastic resin and carbon black often with other additives. Carbon black is classified as a nuisance dust (i.e. is only mildly toxic in itself) but will contain impurities known to be carcinogens. Toners should be handled with care, protective gloves should be worn, and dust release minimised. Contact with the tongue, e.g. by touching copied papers with a wetted finger can lead to small growths on the tongue.Other health effects may be irritated eyes, headache and itching skin. Maintenance workers are at risk from repeated exposure which can lead to skin and eye sensitisation.
God, that info is so old…name a copier introduced in last 25 years that uses a CDS drum, or name one introduced in last 10 years that uses a Se drum…you can’t – maybe the Toshiba 5570 series…thats it!